This paper investigated the possibilities of using birch wood chips for Fixed-Bed downdraft gasification. The preliminary air gasification resulted producer gas with an average composition of 11.5% CO, 5.4% CO2, 5.9% H2, 0.38% CH4 corresponding to a mean lower heating value of about 2 MJ/kg. The approximate size of woodchips used for gasification was around 11.5 mm for a maximum solid throughput of 0.65 kg/h. The obtained equivalence ratio (ratio between actual air fuel ratio and stoichometric air fuel ratio) as a result of air and biomass feed was close to 0.45 which was stable throughout the test. Producer gas left the gasifier at ca. 150oC and was diverted for flaring owing to the level of low energy content. Despite availability, the option for gas to generate heat and electricity via integrated gas engine has not been utilized in the present case and remained for further ongoing research.

The aim of this project is to study the wastewater treatment system of Sahand dairy products factory and to provide a solution for the problem. The existing wastewater treatment system in this factory is an anaerobic and aerobic system, where the aerobic system is an extended activated sludge. This study had two phases as follows: Phase One: This phase lasted from February 1, 2003 to September 1, 2004. Based on the integrated sampling, the company's wastewater was estimated to be approximately 100m3 per day. In this phase, the efficiency of anaerobic treatment system was investigated. The parameters measured in this study were BOO, COD, N03, P04, TS, OIL, and grease. After the samples were analyzed, the removal efficiency of the organic elements turned out to be low for the anaerobic system in winter. Phase Two: This phase lasted from September 1, 2004 to December 29, 2004. To increase the efficiency of the anaerobic system, a Fixed-Bed was installed. As a result of the improvement of the system, the following findings were obtained for the two years of 2003 and 2004: - An increase in the BOd removal efficiency from 30% to 61.4% - An increase in the COD removal efficiency from 45% to 64.6% - An increase in the N03 removal efficiency from 58.5% 82.8% - An increase in the TS removal efficiency from 63.8% to 67.9% - For the P04 removal efficiency, no significant difference was observed. The results for the aerobic system after its improvement are as follows: - An increase in the BOd removal efficiency from 83% to 90.5% - An increase in the COD removal efficiency from 82.2% to 92.2% - An increase in the TS removal efficiency from 72% to 80% - For the P04 and the N03 removal efficiency, no significant difference was observed.

The transport of sediment in open channels is a complex process, and the physics of this phenomenon have not been completely explored. The majority of research work on sediment transport has been concentrated on Beds formed of the same mobile sediment and only a few researchers have been concerned with sediment motion over Fixed Bed. This paper reviews the state of the problem and focuses on some practical points. Sediment threshold experiments were conducted in the two types of V-shaped bottom channels. Sand and gravel particle movements were considered and the relationship between flow discharge and Bed shear stress, as well as channel Bed slope were found at the threshold condition. Some practical and design equations were found to be more appropriate. It may be found that the effect of cross sectional shape on sediment threshold in Fixed Bed channels should be examined.

Algeria is a major producer of petroleum. This activity leads to large quantities of petroleum products entering the environment posing serious problems and risks to natural ecosystems. The present study deals with the remediation of oil polluted soil using the bioremediation process. It aims to evaluate the airflow injection effect inside a bioreactor used to treat hydrocarbon-contaminated soil collected from southern Algeria. Biostimulation process, by addition of specific nutrients, mainly N and P, was applied, considering a C: N: P ratio of 100:10:1 as a reference.  The different airflow. used were 0.795, 1.06, 1.325, 2.12 and 2.62 L./min. Moreover, in order to study abiotic loss of petroleum hydrocarbons, the soil was treated with HgCl2, and this for all five applied airflows. The airflow 1.06 L./min showed the highest TPH biodegradation percentage (46.45%) compared to the 0.795 (32.74%), 1.325 (24.30%), 2.12 (16.16%) and 2.62 (6.28%) L./min. In the same conditions, abiotic loss during control experiments achieved between 1.01% and 4.14% Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) decrease.

The adsorption of lead (11) and copper (11) in a Fixed Bed column using activated carbon prepared from nipa palm nut was investigated. Thomas model and Yoon and Nelson kinetic models were used to analyze the column performance. The rate constant for Thomas model increased with increase in flow rate and initial ion concentration but remained constant at varying Bed height. Adsorption capacity for the adsorption of copper (11) obtained from Thomas model ranged from 3.417 to 17.224 mg/l for Thomas model and from 3.02 to 11.92mg/l for Yoon and Nelson model. Also the adsorption capacity for lead (11) adsorption calculated from Thomas model ranged from 6.937 to 75.59 mg/l and from 12.10 to 47.24 mg/l for Yoon and Nelson model. The maximum adsorption capacity increased with increase in flow rate and initial ion concentration but decreased with increase in Bed height. For Yoon and Nelson model, the rate constant increased with increase in flow rate, initial ion concentration and Bed height. The time required for 50% breakthrough decreased with increase in flow rate, Bed height and initial ion concentration. The kinetic data fitted well to both models. The comparison of the experimental breakthrough curves to the breakthrough profiles calculated by Yoon and Nelson method showed a satisfactory fit for activated carbon prepared from nipa palm nut.

Melamine is industrially produced from urea. Therefore the kinetic inspection of the relevant reaction seems to be important to the end of accessing a suitable model and design of the catalyzed Bed reactor for synthesizing Melamine. The kinetics of the mentioned reaction has not been found in the literature review. A Fixed Bed reactor with injection solid urea was constructed to inspect the relevant reaction kinetics. Urea is changed into Melamine, CO2 & NH3 at the presence of silica gel catalyst and the temperature of 400°C. The designed experiments were performed at the temperatures 370, 380 & 390°C based on the catalyst weight varying with the molar flow rate of the entering urea [W/FA0 (kgcat/ (grmole/hr)] An equation pointing out the variance of the vv MJ conversion factor according to the ratio W/FA° was reported which followed the patent: XA=a (W/ FA°)b. Based on the mentioned equations above, at each temperature, the reaction rate conforming the concentration of the outlet urea was reported r¢A =k ( CA). The mean reaction order at these three temperatures equaled to n=0.4.The functionality of k conforming T turned out to be an Arrhenius function (k = k0e – E/RT). The activation Kcal energy and the frequency content are 2.212  kcal/grmol and 75.4 respectively.

This study was carried out for surveying the efficiency of biofilm sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for treatment of wastewater with high organic loading. A cylindrical lab scale biofilm SBR was used in this study. Primary microorganisms for startup of the reactor were obtained from return activated sludge of a municipal waste treatment plant. Reactor was feed with synthetic wastewater containing mono ethylene glycol as the main carbon source and NH4Cl and KH2PO4 as nutrients. Following startup and acclimation of microorganisms, organic loading was increased via influent COD concentrations of 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/L in constant hydraulic retention time. The most removal efficiency of 94% was achieved in influent COD concentration of 100 mg/L. According to data obtained in this work, it can be concluded that biofilm SBR has acceptable efficiency for high strength wastewaters.